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Contents • • • • • • • • • • Historical background [ ] A product of territorial, Bophuthatswana - popularly nicknamed 'Bop' by her nationals - accepted nominal independence in 1977 from South Africa's administration. The second national unit to reach the status of a with limited but hypothetically increasing powers of self-rule, Bophuthatswana adopted as her governing document an act drafted by the former Tswana Territorial Authority under South African guidance. South Africa was adamant that elections should take place as early as 1972, but there were no political parties in the new region. This changed rapidly with the ascension of, who founded the Lekobo la Setshaba sa Bophuthatswana (English: 'Bophuthatswana National Party'). Mangope targeted rural votes and carried an easy majority in the new parliament. Although Bophuthatswana was not recognised as a unique entity by any foreign state, an estimated two million Tswana lost their South African citizenship accordingly. The 1977 Constitution made it a self-governing democracy inside the Republic of South Africa, with an area of jurisdiction spanning six black-populated districts of the designated Tswana area.
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Excluded were zones earmarked for white persons encompassing much of the capital and industry. Prelude [ ] Under Mangope's rule, political freedoms in Bophuthatswana deteriorated.
Opponents of the state were subject to banishment, arrest, or extrajudicial harassment. The was also considered an illegal organisation. 's release in 1990 and 's subsequent opened up the possibility of reincorporating the fragmented bantustans into a unitary South African state. Although all tribal homelands ceased to exist in 1993 under an interim constitution, Mangope remained committed to the principle of Bophuthatswana's 'independence'.
Tswana voters were appalled; opposition mounted but remained subject to escalating repression. Human rights groups complained that citizens were barred from attending voter education programmes and only Mangope loyalists enjoyed the. On January 1, 1994, de Klerk restored South African citizenship to Bophuthatswana residents but balked at the notion of removing its government from power.
Mangope agreed to convene with representatives from the yet refused to consider participating in the upcoming. A commission member subsequently warned that '.his [Mangope's] intransigence made confrontation inevitable'. Outbreak [ ] Civil Service strike [ ] In February, the executives of fifty-two Bophuthatswanan ministries formed the so-called 'Mmabatho/Mafikeng Crisis Committee', initially to address their role in the post-election period. When it became apparent that Mangope would continue to oppose territorial integration for the near future the committee went on strike. Since Bophuthatswana was set to be disestablished by the South African government on April 27, they demanded their wages - and civil service - well in advance of that date. Lacking treasury funds, Mangope simply issued no response. This alarmed the Bophuthatswana Police, which joined the strike immediately.
Anarchy ensued and troops were deployed to restore order. Despite their efforts mass became widespread as appliances or furniture worth hundreds of began disappearing overnight. By Wednesday, March 9, authority had imploded. Striking staff seized the Bophuthatswana Broadcasting Corporation and took Mangope's son Eddie hostage, students boycotted classes at, and the civil servants were joined by thousands of others demanding incorporation into South Africa and the right to campaign for the election. When the security forces failed to take action, widespread disorder ensued. Businesses in Mmabatho, including the lucrative Mega City Shopping Centre, were looted or razed.
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A desperate Mangope made the decision to call on outside forces for assistance in restoring order. On 8 March 1994, the president invited General, head of the right-wing Afrikaner Volksfront, to a meeting of his chief ministers in the Bophuthatswana Defence Force, national police, and intelligence services. It was agreed that Viljoen would use the Volksfront's militia to protect key locations in Bophuthatswana if the situation deteriorated.
Parliament was empowered call on Viljoen's assistance sooner in the case of a forcible re-integration. Mangope initially made it clear, however, that he would not tolerate the Volksfront's more extremist ally, the, being present because they were a violently racist organisation. Viljoen was regarded as a more moderate white leader, and was respected as the former head of both the (from 1976–1980) and the entire (from 1980–1985). AWB involvement [ ] By 10 March, the situation was only worsening and President Mangope was advised to leave Bophuthatswana for his own protection. He promptly left his country via helicopter at two o'clock on Thursday and flew to safety in Motswedi. Later that afternoon, a group of anti-Mangope policemen presented a petition to the South African ambassador, Professor, calling for Bophuthatswana to be re-integrated into the republic against their president's wishes. By late afternoon virtually all law enforcement authority had broken down and the military was left with the responsibility of maintaining order.